{"poem_id":"d59ec5d6c91c","title":"蜀道难","poet_name":"李白","poet_id":"li-bai","author_id":"b90660e3e492","dynasty":"唐代","form":"","pinyin":"shǔ dào nán lǐ bái táng dài yī xū xī wēi hū gāo zāi shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cán cóng jí yú fú kāi guó hé máng rán ěr lái sì wàn bā qiān suì bù yǔ qín sài tōng rén yān xī dāng tài bái yǒu niǎo dào kě yǐ héng jué é méi diān dì bēng shān cuī zhuàng shì sǐ rán hòu tiān tī shí zhàn xiāng gōu lián shàng yǒu liù lóng huí rì zhī gāo biāo xià yǒu chōng bō nì zhé zhī huí chuān huáng hè zhī fēi shàng bù dé guò yuán náo yù dù chóu pān yuán qīng ní hé pán pán bǎi bù jiǔ zhé yíng yán luán mén shēn lì jǐng yǎng xié xī yǐ shǒu fǔ yīng zuò cháng tàn wèn jūn xī yóu hé shí huán wèi tú chán yán bù kě pān dàn jiàn bēi niǎo háo gǔ mù xióng fēi cí cóng rào lín jiān yòu wén zǐ guī tí yè yuè chóu kōng shān shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān shǐ rén tīng cǐ diāo zhū yán lián fēng qù tiān bù yíng chǐ kū sōng dào guà yǐ jué bì fēi tuān pù liú zhēng xuān huī pīng yá zhuàn shí wàn hè léi qí xiǎn yě rú cǐ jiē ěr yuǎn dào zhī rén hú wèi hū lái zāi yě rú cǐ yī zuò yě ruò cǐ jiàn gé zhēng róng ér cuī wéi yì fū dāng guān wàn fū mò kāi suǒ shǒu huò fěi qīn huà wéi láng yǔ chái zhāo bì měng hǔ xī bì cháng shé mó yá shǔn xuè shā rén rú má jǐn chéng suī yún lè bù rú zǎo huán jiā shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cè shēn xī wàng cháng zī jiē","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","has_poem_preface":false,"poem_preface":"","poem_preface_translation":"","poem_lines":[{"chars":[{"char":"噫","pinyin":"yī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"吁","pinyin":"xū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"嚱","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":2}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"危","pinyin":"wēi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"乎","pinyin":"hū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"高","pinyin":"gāo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"哉","pinyin":"zāi","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"！","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"蜀","pinyin":"shǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"道","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":11},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"于","pinyin":"yú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"上","pinyin":"shàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"青","pinyin":"qīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"天","pinyin":"tiān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"！","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"蚕","pinyin":"cán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"丛","pinyin":"cóng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"及","pinyin":"jí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"鱼","pinyin":"yú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"凫","pinyin":"fú","annotation_ref":3}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"开","pinyin":"kāi","annotation_ref":55},{"char":"国","pinyin":"guó","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"何","pinyin":"hé","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"茫","pinyin":"máng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"然","pinyin":"rán","annotation_ref":4}],"translation":"","punctuation":"！","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"尔","pinyin":"ěr","annotation_ref":48},{"char":"来","pinyin":"lái","annotation_ref":5},{"char":"四","pinyin":"sì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"万","pinyin":"wàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"八","pinyin":"bā","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"千","pinyin":"qiān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"岁","pinyin":"suì","annotation_ref":6}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"不","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"与","pinyin":"yǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"秦","pinyin":"qín","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"塞","pinyin":"sài","annotation_ref":7},{"char":"通","pinyin":"tōng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"人","pinyin":"rén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"烟","pinyin":"yān","annotation_ref":8}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"西","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"当","pinyin":"dāng","annotation_ref":9},{"char":"太","pinyin":"tài","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"白","pinyin":"bái","annotation_ref":10},{"char":"有","pinyin":"yǒu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"鸟","pinyin":"niǎo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"道","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"可","pinyin":"kě","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"以","pinyin":"yǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"横","pinyin":"héng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"绝","pinyin":"jué","annotation_ref":12},{"char":"峨","pinyin":"é","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"眉","pinyin":"méi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"巅","pinyin":"diān","annotation_ref":13}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"地","pinyin":"dì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"崩","pinyin":"bēng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"山","pinyin":"shān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"摧","pinyin":"cuī","annotation_ref":14},{"char":"壮","pinyin":"zhuàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"士","pinyin":"shì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"死","pinyin":"sǐ","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"然","pinyin":"rán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"后","pinyin":"hòu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"天","pinyin":"tiān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"梯","pinyin":"tī","annotation_ref":15},{"char":"石","pinyin":"shí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"栈","pinyin":"zhàn","annotation_ref":16},{"char":"相","pinyin":"xiāng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"钩","pinyin":"gōu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"连","pinyin":"lián","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"上","pinyin":"shàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"有","pinyin":"yǒu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"六","pinyin":"liù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"龙","pinyin":"lóng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"回","pinyin":"huí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"日","pinyin":"rì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"高","pinyin":"gāo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"标","pinyin":"biāo","annotation_ref":17}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"下","pinyin":"xià","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"有","pinyin":"yǒu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"冲","pinyin":"chōng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"波","pinyin":"bō","annotation_ref":18},{"char":"逆","pinyin":"nì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"折","pinyin":"zhé","annotation_ref":19},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"回","pinyin":"huí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"川","pinyin":"chuān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"黄","pinyin":"huáng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"鹤","pinyin":"hè","annotation_ref":20},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"飞","pinyin":"fēi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"尚","pinyin":"shàng","annotation_ref":21},{"char":"不","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"得","pinyin":"dé","annotation_ref":22},{"char":"过","pinyin":"guò","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"猿","pinyin":"yuán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"猱","pinyin":"náo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"欲","pinyin":"yù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"度","pinyin":"dù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"愁","pinyin":"chóu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"攀","pinyin":"pān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"援","pinyin":"yuán","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"青","pinyin":"qīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"泥","pinyin":"ní","annotation_ref":24},{"char":"何","pinyin":"hé","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"盘","pinyin":"pán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"盘","pinyin":"pán","annotation_ref":25}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"百","pinyin":"bǎi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"步","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"九","pinyin":"jiǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"折","pinyin":"zhé","annotation_ref":26},{"char":"萦","pinyin":"yíng","annotation_ref":27},{"char":"岩","pinyin":"yán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"峦","pinyin":"luán","annotation_ref":28}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"扪","pinyin":"mén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"参","pinyin":"shēn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"历","pinyin":"lì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"井","pinyin":"jǐng","annotation_ref":29},{"char":"仰","pinyin":"yǎng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"胁","pinyin":"xié","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"息","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":30}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"以","pinyin":"yǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"手","pinyin":"shǒu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"抚","pinyin":"fǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"膺","pinyin":"yīng","annotation_ref":31},{"char":"坐","pinyin":"zuò","annotation_ref":32},{"char":"长","pinyin":"cháng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"叹","pinyin":"tàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"问","pinyin":"wèn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"君","pinyin":"jūn","annotation_ref":33},{"char":"西","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"游","pinyin":"yóu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"何","pinyin":"hé","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"时","pinyin":"shí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"还","pinyin":"huán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"畏","pinyin":"wèi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"途","pinyin":"tú","annotation_ref":34},{"char":"巉","pinyin":"chán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"岩","pinyin":"yán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"不","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"可","pinyin":"kě","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"攀","pinyin":"pān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。？。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"但","pinyin":"dàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"见","pinyin":"jiàn","annotation_ref":35},{"char":"悲","pinyin":"bēi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"鸟","pinyin":"niǎo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"号","pinyin":"háo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"古","pinyin":"gǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"木","pinyin":"mù","annotation_ref":36}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"雄","pinyin":"xióng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"飞","pinyin":"fēi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"雌","pinyin":"cí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"从","pinyin":"cóng","annotation_ref":37},{"char":"绕","pinyin":"rào","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"林","pinyin":"lín","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"间","pinyin":"jiān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"又","pinyin":"yòu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"闻","pinyin":"wén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"子","pinyin":"zǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"规","pinyin":"guī","annotation_ref":38},{"char":"啼","pinyin":"tí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"夜","pinyin":"yè","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"月","pinyin":"yuè","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"愁","pinyin":"chóu","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"空","pinyin":"kōng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"山","pinyin":"shān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"蜀","pinyin":"shǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"道","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"于","pinyin":"yú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"上","pinyin":"shàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"青","pinyin":"qīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"天","pinyin":"tiān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"使","pinyin":"shǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"人","pinyin":"rén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"听","pinyin":"tīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"此","pinyin":"cǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"凋","pinyin":"diāo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"朱","pinyin":"zhū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"颜","pinyin":"yán","annotation_ref":39}],"translation":"","punctuation":"！","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"连","pinyin":"lián","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"峰","pinyin":"fēng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"去","pinyin":"qù","annotation_ref":40},{"char":"天","pinyin":"tiān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"不","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"盈","pinyin":"yíng","annotation_ref":41},{"char":"尺","pinyin":"chǐ","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"枯","pinyin":"kū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"松","pinyin":"sōng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"倒","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"挂","pinyin":"guà","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"倚","pinyin":"yǐ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"绝","pinyin":"jué","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"壁","pinyin":"bì","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"飞","pinyin":"fēi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"湍","pinyin":"tuān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"瀑","pinyin":"pù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"流","pinyin":"liú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"争","pinyin":"zhēng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"喧","pinyin":"xuān","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"豗","pinyin":"huī","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"砯","pinyin":"pīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"崖","pinyin":"yá","annotation_ref":44},{"char":"转","pinyin":"zhuàn","annotation_ref":45},{"char":"石","pinyin":"shí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"万","pinyin":"wàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"壑","pinyin":"hè","annotation_ref":46},{"char":"雷","pinyin":"léi","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"其","pinyin":"qí","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"险","pinyin":"xiǎn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"也","pinyin":"yě","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"如","pinyin":"rú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"此","pinyin":"cǐ","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"嗟","pinyin":"jiē","annotation_ref":47},{"char":"尔","pinyin":"ěr","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"远","pinyin":"yuǎn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"道","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"人","pinyin":"rén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"胡","pinyin":"hú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"为","pinyin":"wèi","annotation_ref":49},{"char":"乎","pinyin":"hū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"来","pinyin":"lái","annotation_ref":50},{"char":"哉","pinyin":"zāi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"剑","pinyin":"jiàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"阁","pinyin":"gé","annotation_ref":51},{"char":"峥","pinyin":"zhēng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"嵘","pinyin":"róng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"而","pinyin":"ér","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"崔","pinyin":"cuī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"嵬","pinyin":"wéi","annotation_ref":52}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，！","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"一","pinyin":"yì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"夫","pinyin":"fū","annotation_ref":53},{"char":"当","pinyin":"dāng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"关","pinyin":"guān","annotation_ref":54}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"万","pinyin":"wàn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"夫","pinyin":"fū","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"莫","pinyin":"mò","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"开","pinyin":"kāi","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"所","pinyin":"suǒ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"守","pinyin":"shǒu","annotation_ref":56},{"char":"或","pinyin":"huò","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"匪","pinyin":"fěi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"亲","pinyin":"qīn","annotation_ref":57}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"化","pinyin":"huà","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"为","pinyin":"wéi","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"狼","pinyin":"láng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"与","pinyin":"yǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"豺","pinyin":"chái","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"朝","pinyin":"zhāo","annotation_ref":59},{"char":"避","pinyin":"bì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"猛","pinyin":"měng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"虎","pinyin":"hǔ","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"夕","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"避","pinyin":"bì","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"长","pinyin":"cháng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"蛇","pinyin":"shé","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"磨","pinyin":"mó","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"牙","pinyin":"yá","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"吮","pinyin":"shǔn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"血","pinyin":"xuè","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"杀","pinyin":"shā","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"人","pinyin":"rén","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"如","pinyin":"rú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"麻","pinyin":"má","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"锦","pinyin":"jǐn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"城","pinyin":"chéng","annotation_ref":60},{"char":"虽","pinyin":"suī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"云","pinyin":"yún","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"乐","pinyin":"lè","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"不","pinyin":"bù","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"如","pinyin":"rú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"早","pinyin":"zǎo","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"还","pinyin":"huán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"家","pinyin":"jiā","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"。","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"蜀","pinyin":"shǔ","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"道","pinyin":"dào","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"之","pinyin":"zhī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"难","pinyin":"nán","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"于","pinyin":"yú","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"上","pinyin":"shàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"青","pinyin":"qīng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"天","pinyin":"tiān","annotation_ref":0}],"translation":"","punctuation":"，","line_role":"body"},{"chars":[{"char":"侧","pinyin":"cè","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"身","pinyin":"shēn","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"西","pinyin":"xī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"望","pinyin":"wàng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"长","pinyin":"cháng","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"咨","pinyin":"zī","annotation_ref":0},{"char":"嗟","pinyin":"jiē","annotation_ref":61}],"translation":"","punctuation":"！","line_role":"body"}],"poem_variants":[{"variant_key":"standard","variant_label":"通行本","variant_source":"guwendao","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","pinyin":"yī xū xī wēi hū gāo zāi shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cán cóng jí yú fú kāi guó hé máng rán ěr lái sì wàn bā qiān suì bù yǔ qín sài tōng rén yān xī dāng tài bái yǒu niǎo dào kě yǐ héng jué é méi diān dì bēng shān cuī zhuàng shì sǐ rán hòu tiān tī shí zhàn xiāng gōu lián shàng yǒu liù lóng huí rì zhī gāo biāo xià yǒu chōng bō nì zhé zhī huí chuān huáng hè zhī fēi shàng bù dé guò yuán náo yù dù chóu pān yuán qīng ní hé pán pán bǎi bù jiǔ zhé yíng yán luán mén shēn lì jǐng yǎng xié xī yǐ shǒu fǔ yīng zuò cháng tàn wèn jūn xī yóu hé shí huán wèi tú chán yán bù kě pān dàn jiàn bēi niǎo háo gǔ mù xióng fēi cí cóng rào lín jiān yòu wén zǐ guī tí yè yuè chóu kōng shān shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān shǐ rén tīng cǐ diāo zhū yán lián fēng qù tiān bù yíng chǐ kū sōng dào guà yǐ jué bì fēi tuān pù liú zhēng xuān huī pīng yá zhuàn shí wàn hè léi qí xiǎn yě rú cǐ jiē ěr yuǎn dào zhī rén hú wèi hū lái zāi jiàn gé zhēng róng ér cuī wéi yì fū dāng guān wàn fū mò kāi suǒ shǒu huò fěi qīn huà wéi láng yǔ chái zhāo bì měng hǔ xī bì cháng shé mó yá shǔn xuè shā rén rú má jǐn chéng suī yún lè bù rú zǎo huán jiā shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cè shēn xī wàng cháng zī jiē","variant_notes":[]},{"variant_key":"variant_1","variant_label":"别本","variant_source":"guwendao_annotation","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也若此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","pinyin":"yī xū xī wēi hū gāo zāi shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cán cóng jí yú fú kāi guó hé máng rán ěr lái sì wàn bā qiān suì bù yǔ qín sài tōng rén yān xī dāng tài bái yǒu niǎo dào kě yǐ héng jué é méi diān dì bēng shān cuī zhuàng shì sǐ rán hòu tiān tī shí zhàn xiāng gōu lián shàng yǒu liù lóng huí rì zhī gāo biāo xià yǒu chōng bō nì zhé zhī huí chuān huáng hè zhī fēi shàng bù dé guò yuán náo yù dù chóu pān yuán qīng ní hé pán pán bǎi bù jiǔ zhé yíng yán luán mén shēn lì jǐng yǎng xié xī yǐ shǒu fǔ yīng zuò cháng tàn wèn jūn xī yóu hé shí huán wèi tú chán yán bù kě pān dàn jiàn bēi niǎo háo gǔ mù xióng fēi cí cóng rào lín jiān yòu wén zǐ guī tí yè yuè chóu kōng shān shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān shǐ rén tīng cǐ diāo zhū yán lián fēng qù tiān bù yíng chǐ kū sōng dào guà yǐ jué bì fēi tuān pù liú zhēng xuān huī pīng yá zhuàn shí wàn hè léi qí xiǎn yě ruò cǐ jiē ěr yuǎn dào zhī rén hú wèi hū lái zāi jiàn gé zhēng róng ér cuī wéi yì fū dāng guān wàn fū mò kāi suǒ shǒu huò fěi qīn huà wéi láng yǔ chái zhāo bì měng hǔ xī bì cháng shé mó yá shǔn xuè shā rén rú má jǐn chéng suī yún lè bù rú zǎo huán jiā shǔ dào zhī nán nán yú shàng qīng tiān cè shēn xī wàng cháng zī jiē","variant_notes":[{"line_index":15,"from_text":"也如此","to_text":"也若此","note":"也如此一作也若此"}]}],"translation":"唉呀呀！多么高峻伟岸！\n蜀道难以攀越，简直比上青天还难。\n传说中蚕丛和鱼凫建立了蜀国，开国的年代实在久远无法详谈。\n从那时至今约有四万八千年了吧，秦蜀被秦岭所阻从不沟通往返。\n西边太白山高峻无路只有飞鸟可通行，此山可以直通峨眉山巅。\n山崩地裂，埋葬了五位开山英雄壮士，这样以后高险的山路和栈道才相互勾连。\n蜀中上有挡住太阳神六龙车的山巅，下有激浪排空迂回曲折的大川。\n善于高飞的黄鹤尚且无法飞过，即使猢狲要想翻过也愁于攀援。\n青泥岭的泥路曲曲弯弯，百步九折萦绕着山峦。\n屏住呼吸仰头就可触摸参星和井星，紧张得透不过气来，用手抚胸惊恐不已徒长吁短叹。\n好朋友请问你西游何时回还？这蜀道的峭岩险道实在难以登攀！\n只见那悲鸟在古树上哀鸣啼叫；雄雌相随飞翔在茂密树丛之间。\n月夜又听到杜鹃凄凉悲啼，在空山中传响回荡，令人愁思绵绵无穷尽！\n蜀道难以攀越，简直比上青天还难，使人听到这些怎么不脸色突变？\n山峰座座相连离天还不到一尺，枯松老枝倒挂倚贴在绝壁之间。\n漩涡飞转瀑布飞泻争相喧闹着，飞流撞击着巨石在山谷中滚动像万壑鸣雷一般。\n这样危险的地方，唉呀呀你这个远方而来的客人，为什么非要来这里不可呀？\n剑阁所在崇峻巍峨高入云端，只要一人把守千军万马难攻占。\n驻守的官员倘若不是可信赖的人，难免要变为豺狼，据险作乱。\n每日每夜都要躲避猛虎和长蛇，它们磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦官城虽然说是个快乐的所在，如此险恶还不如早早地把家还。\n蜀道难以攀越，简直比上青天还难，侧身西望令人不免感慨与长叹！","translation_lines":["唉呀呀，","多么高峻伟岸！","蜀道难以攀越，","简直比上青天还难！","传说中蚕丛和鱼凫建立了蜀国，","开国的年代实在久远无法详谈！","从那时至今约有四万八千年了吧，","秦蜀被秦岭所阻从不沟通往返。","西边太白山高峻无路只有飞鸟可通行，","此山可以直通峨眉山巅。","山崩地裂，埋葬了五位开山英雄壮士，","这样以后高险的山路和栈道才相互勾连。","蜀中上有挡住太阳神六龙车的山巅，","下有激浪排空迂回曲折的大川。","善于高飞的黄鹤尚且无法飞过，","即使猢狲要想翻过也愁于攀援。","青泥岭的泥路曲曲弯弯，","百步九折萦绕着山峦。","屏住呼吸仰头就可触摸参星和井星，","紧张得透不过气来，用手抚胸惊恐不已徒长吁短叹。好朋友请问你西游何时回还？这蜀道的峭岩险道实在难以登攀。？。","只见那悲鸟在古树上哀鸣啼叫，","雄雌相随飞翔在茂密树丛之间。","月夜又听到杜鹃凄凉悲啼，","在空山中传响回荡，令人愁思绵绵无穷尽。","蜀道难以攀越，","简直比上青天还难，","使人听到这些怎么不脸色突变！","山峰座座相连离天还不到一尺，","枯松老枝倒挂倚贴在绝壁之间。","漩涡飞转瀑布飞泻争相喧闹着，","飞流撞击着巨石在山谷中滚动像万壑鸣雷一般。","这样危险的地方，","唉呀呀你这个远方而来的客人，为什么非要来这里不可呀？剑阁所在崇峻巍峨高入云端，！","只要一人把守，","千军万马难攻占。","驻守的官员倘若不是可信赖的人，","难免要变为豺狼，据险作乱。","每日都要躲避猛虎，","每夜都要躲避长蛇，","它们磨牙吮血，","杀人如麻。","锦官城虽然说是个快乐的所在，","如此险恶还不如早早地把家还。","蜀道难以攀越，","简直比上青天还难，","侧身西望令人不免感慨与长叹！"],"annotations":[{"id":1,"term":"《蜀道难》","explanation":"古乐府题，属《相和歌·瑟调曲》"},{"id":2,"term":"噫吁嚱","explanation":"惊叹声，蜀方言，表示惊讶的声音"},{"id":3,"term":"蚕丛、鱼凫","explanation":"传说中古蜀国两位国王的名字"},{"id":4,"term":"何茫然","explanation":"完全不知道的样子"},{"id":5,"term":"尔来","explanation":"从那时以来"},{"id":6,"term":"四万八千岁","explanation":"极言时间之漫长，夸张而大约言之"},{"id":7,"term":"秦塞","explanation":"秦的关塞，指秦地"},{"id":8,"term":"通人烟","explanation":"人员往来"},{"id":9,"term":"西当","explanation":"西对"},{"id":10,"term":"太白","explanation":"太白山，又名太乙山，在长安西（今陕西眉县、太白县一带）"},{"id":11,"term":"鸟道","explanation":"指连绵高山间的低缺处，只有鸟能飞过，人迹所不能至"},{"id":12,"term":"横绝","explanation":"横越"},{"id":13,"term":"峨眉巅","explanation":"峨眉顶峰"},{"id":14,"term":"摧","explanation":"倒塌"},{"id":15,"term":"天梯","explanation":"非常陡峭的山路"},{"id":16,"term":"石栈","explanation":"栈道"},{"id":17,"term":"高标","explanation":"指蜀山中可作一方之标识的最高峰"},{"id":18,"term":"冲波","explanation":"水流冲击腾起的波浪，这里指激流"},{"id":19,"term":"逆折","explanation":"水流回旋"},{"id":20,"term":"黄鹤","explanation":"黄鹄（Hú），善飞的大鸟"},{"id":21,"term":"尚","explanation":"尚且"},{"id":22,"term":"得","explanation":"能"},{"id":23,"term":"猿猱（náo）","explanation":"蜀山中最善攀援的猴类"},{"id":24,"term":"青泥","explanation":"青泥岭，在今甘肃徽县南，陕西略阳县北"},{"id":25,"term":"盘盘","explanation":"曲折回旋的样子"},{"id":26,"term":"百步九折","explanation":"百步之内拐九道弯"},{"id":27,"term":"萦","explanation":"盘绕"},{"id":28,"term":"岩峦","explanation":"山峰"},{"id":29,"term":"扪参历井","explanation":"参(shēn)、井是二星宿名"},{"id":30,"term":"胁息","explanation":"屏气不敢呼吸"},{"id":31,"term":"膺","explanation":"胸"},{"id":32,"term":"坐","explanation":"徒，空"},{"id":33,"term":"君","explanation":"入蜀的友人"},{"id":34,"term":"畏途","explanation":"可怕的路途"},{"id":35,"term":"但见","explanation":"只听见"},{"id":36,"term":"号古木","explanation":"在古树木中大声啼鸣"},{"id":37,"term":"从","explanation":"跟随"},{"id":38,"term":"子规","explanation":"即杜鹃鸟，蜀地最多，鸣声悲哀，若云“不如归去”"},{"id":39,"term":"凋朱颜","explanation":"红颜带忧色，如花凋谢"},{"id":40,"term":"去","explanation":"距离"},{"id":41,"term":"盈","explanation":"满"},{"id":42,"term":"飞湍（tuān）","explanation":"飞奔而下的急流"},{"id":43,"term":"喧豗（huī）","explanation":"喧闹声，这里指急流和瀑布发出的巨大响声"},{"id":44,"term":"砯（pīng）崖","explanation":"水撞石之声"},{"id":45,"term":"转","explanation":"使滚动"},{"id":46,"term":"壑","explanation":"山谷"},{"id":47,"term":"嗟","explanation":"感叹声"},{"id":48,"term":"尔","explanation":"你"},{"id":49,"term":"胡为","explanation":"为什么"},{"id":50,"term":"来","explanation":"指入蜀"},{"id":51,"term":"剑阁","explanation":"又名剑门关，在四川剑阁县北，是大、小剑山之间的一条栈道，长约三十余里"},{"id":52,"term":"峥嵘、崔嵬","explanation":"都是形容山势高大雄峻的样子"},{"id":53,"term":"一夫","explanation":"一人"},{"id":54,"term":"当关","explanation":"守关"},{"id":55,"term":"莫开","explanation":"不能打开"},{"id":56,"term":"所守","explanation":"指把守关口的人"},{"id":57,"term":"或匪亲","explanation":"倘若不是可信赖的人"},{"id":58,"term":"匪亲","explanation":"不是亲信"},{"id":59,"term":"朝","explanation":"早上"},{"id":60,"term":"锦城","explanation":"成都古代以产锦闻名，朝廷曾经设官于此，专收锦织品，故称锦城或锦官城"},{"id":61,"term":"咨嗟","explanation":"叹息"}],"appreciation":"对《蜀道难》的创作背景，从唐代开始人们就多有猜测，主要有四种说法：甲、此诗系为房琯、杜甫二人担忧，希望他们早日离开四川，免遭剑南节度使严武的毒手；乙、此诗是为躲避安史之乱逃亡至蜀的唐玄宗李隆基而作，劝喻他归返长安，以免受四川地方军阀挟制；丙、此诗旨在讽刺当时蜀地长官章仇兼琼想凭险割据，不听朝廷节制；丁，此诗纯粹歌咏山水风光，并无寓意。\n这首诗最早见录于唐人殷璠所编的《河岳英灵集》，该书编成于唐玄宗天宝十二载（753年），由此可知李白这首诗的写作年代最迟也应该在《河岳英灵集》编成之前。而那时，安史之乱尚未发生，唐玄宗安居长安，房（琯）、杜甫也都还未入川，所以，甲、乙两说显然错误。至于讽刺章仇兼琼的说法，从一些史书的有关记载来看，也缺乏依据。章仇兼琼镇蜀时一直理想去长安做官。\n唐孟棨《本事诗》及五代王定保《唐摭言》均有贺知章在太子宾客任上读到此诗的记载，据此，则李白此诗当作于天宝元年（742）奉诏入京供奉翰林之时。这可能是一首赠友诗。詹锳认为此诗是李白天宝年间在长安时为送友人王炎入蜀而写的，目的是规劝王炎不要羁留蜀地，早日回归长安，避免遭到嫉妒小人不测之手；也有学者认为此诗是开元年间李白初入长安无成而归时，送友人寄意之作。\n\n《蜀道难》是李白的代表作。诗人象用乐府古题，丰富的想象，着力描绘了秦蜀道路上奇对惊险的山川，并从中透露了对社会的某些忧虑与关切。诗人大体按照由古及今，自秦从蜀的线索，抓住各处山水特点来描写，以展示蜀道之难。 从“噫吁嚱”到“然后天梯石栈相钩连”为一个段落。一开篇就极言蜀道之难，以感情强烈的咏叹点出主题，为全诗奠定了雄放的基调。以下随着感情的起伏和自然场景的变化，“蜀道之难，难于上刻天”的咏叹反复出现，像一首乐曲的主旋律一样激荡着读者的心弦。说蜀道的难行比上天还难，这是因为自古以来秦、蜀之间被高山峻岭阻的，太白峰处于由秦从蜀之要冲，只有高飞的鸟儿能从低缺处飞过。太白峰在秦都咸阳西南，是关中一带的最高峰。民谚云：“武公太白，去天三百。”诗人以夸张的笔墨写出了历史上不可逾越的险阻，并融汇了五丁开山的神话，点染了神奇色彩，犹如一部乐章的前奏，具有引人从胜的妙用。下面即着力刻画蜀道的高危难行了。 从“上有六龙回日之高标”至“使人听此凋朱颜”为又一段落。这一段极写山势的高危，山高写得愈充分，愈可见路之难行。你看那突兀而立的高山，高标接天，的住了太阳神的运行；山下则是冲波激浪、曲折回旋的河川。诗人不但把夸张和神话融为一体，直写山高，而且衬以“回川”之险。唯其水险，更见山势的高危。诗人意犹未足，又借黄鹤与猿猱来衬托。山高得连千里翱翔的黄鹤也不得飞度，轻疾敏捷的猿猴也愁于攀援，不言而喻，人行走就难上加难了。以上用虚写手法层层映衬，下面再具体描写刻泥岭的难行。刻泥岭，“悬崖万仞，山多云雨”（《元和郡县志》），为唐代从蜀要道。诗人着重就其峰路的萦回和山势的峻危来表现人行其上的艰难情状和畏惧心理，捕捉了在岭上曲折盘桓、手扪星辰、呼吸紧张、抚胸长叹等细节动作加以摹写，寥寥数语，便把行人艰难的步履、惶悚的神情，绘声绘色地刻画出来，困危之状如在目前。至此蜀道的难行似乎写到了极处。但诗人笔锋一转，借“问君”引出旅愁，以忧切低昂的旋律，把读者带进一个古木荒凉、鸟声悲凄的境界。杜鹃鸟空谷传响，充满哀愁，使人闻声失色，更觉蜀道之难。诗人借景抒情，用“悲鸟号古木”“子规啼夜月”等感情色彩浓厚的自然景观，渲染了旅愁和蜀道上空寂苍凉的环境气氛，有力地烘托了蜀道之难。 然而，逶迤千里的蜀道，还有更为奇险的风光。自“连峰去天不盈尺”至全篇结束为最后一个段落，主要从山川之险来揭示蜀道之难，着力渲染惊险的气氛。如果说“连峰去天不盈尺”是夸饰山峰之高，“枯松倒挂倚绝壁”则是衬托绝壁之险。诗人先托出山势的高险，然后由静而动，写出水石激荡、山谷轰鸣的惊险场景。这好像一串电影镜头：开始是山峦起伏、连峰接天的远景画面；接着平缓地推成枯松倒挂绝壁的特写；而后，跟踪而来的是一组快镜头，飞湍、瀑流、悬崖、转石，配合着万壑雷鸣的音响，飞快地从眼前闪过，惊险万状，目不暇接，从而造成一种势若排山倒海的强烈艺术效果，使蜀道之难的描写，简直达到了登峰造极的地步。如果说上面山势的高危已使人望而生畏，那此处山川的险要更令人惊心动魄了。风光变幻，险象丛生。在十分惊险的气氛中，最后写到蜀中要塞剑阁，在大剑山和小剑山之间有一条三十里长的栈道，群峰如剑，连山耸立，削壁中断如门，形成天然要塞。因其地势险要，易守难攻，历史上在此割据称王者不乏其人。诗人从剑阁的险要引出对政治形势的描写。他化用西晋张载《剑阁铭》中“形胜之地，匪亲勿居”的语句，劝人引为鉴戒，警惕战乱的发生，并联系当时的社会背景，揭露了蜀中豺狼的“磨牙吮血，杀人如麻”，从而表达了对国事的忧虑与关切。唐天宝初年，太平景象的背后正潜伏着危机，后来发生的安史之乱，证明诗人的忧虑是有现实意义的。 李白以变化莫测的笔法，淋漓尽致地刻画了蜀道之难，艺术地展现了古老蜀道逶迤、峥嵘、高峻、崎岖的面貌，描绘出一幅色彩绚对的山水画卷。诗中那些动人的景象宛如历历在目。 李白之所以描绘得如此动人，还在于融贯其间的浪漫主义激情。诗人寄情山水，放浪形骸。他对自然景物不是冷漠的观赏，而是热情地赞叹，借以抒发自己的理想感受。那飞流惊湍、奇峰险壑，赋予了诗人的情感气质，因而才呈现出飞动的灵魂和瑰伟的姿态。诗人善于把想象、夸张和神话传说融为一体进行写景抒情。言山之高峻，则曰“上有六龙回日之高标”；状道之险阻，则曰“地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连”。诗人“驰走风云，鞭挞海岳”（陆时雍《诗镜总论》评李白七古语），从蚕丛开国说到五丁开山，由六龙回日写到子规夜啼，天马行空般地驰骋想象，创造出博大浩渺的艺术境界，充满了浪漫主义色彩。透过奇对峭拔的山川景物，仿佛可以看到诗人那“落笔摇五岳、笑傲凌沧洲”的高大形象。 唐以前的《蜀道难》作品，简短单薄。李白对乐府古题有所创新和发展，用了大量散文化诗句，字数从三言、四言、五言、七言，直到十一言，参差错落，长短不齐，形成极为奔放的语言风格。诗的用韵，也突破了梁陈时代旧作一韵到底的程式。后面描写蜀中险要环境，一连三换韵脚，极尽变化之能事。 关于此篇，前人有种种寓意之说，断定是专为某人某事而作的。明人胡震亨、顾炎武认为，李白“自为蜀咏”，“别无寓意”。今人有谓此诗表面写蜀道艰险，实则写仕途坎坷，反映了诗人在长期漫游中屡逢踬碍的生活经历和怀才不遇的愤懑，迄无定论。","analysis":"《蜀道难》是李白的代表诗作，此诗沿用乐府旧题。诗人采用浪漫主义的手法，丰富的想象，艺术地再现了蜀道峥嵘、突兀、强悍、崎岖等奇丽惊险和不可凌越的磅礴气势，借歌咏蜀地山川的壮秀，表现出祖国山河的雄伟壮丽，充分展示了诗人的浪漫气质和热爱自然的感情。全篇韵律与散文交错，文句起伏跌宕，笔触肆意纵横；无论是山之高、水之急、绝壁之险，还是河山之改观、林木之荒寂，皆有逼人之势，展现出宏伟的气象、广阔的境界，体现了李白诗歌的艺术特色和独特的创作个性。","background":"对《蜀道难》的创作背景，从唐代开始人们就多有猜测，主要有四种说法：甲、此诗系为房琯、杜甫二人担忧，希望他们早日离开四川，免遭剑南节度使严武的毒手；乙、此诗是为躲避安史之乱逃亡至蜀的唐玄宗李隆基而作，劝喻他归返长安，以免受四川地方军阀挟制；丙、此诗旨在讽刺当时蜀地长官章仇兼琼想凭险割据，不听朝廷节制；丁，此诗纯粹歌咏山水风光，并无寓意。\n这首诗最早见录于唐人殷璠所编的《河岳英灵集》，该书编成于唐玄宗天宝十二载（753年），由此可知李白这首诗的写作年代最迟也应该在《河岳英灵集》编成之前。而那时，安史之乱尚未发生，唐玄宗安居长安，房（琯）、杜甫也都还未入川，所以，甲、乙","author_bio":"李白（701年~762年），字太白，号青莲居士，出生于蜀郡绵州昌隆县（今四川省绵阳市江油市青莲镇），一说山东人，一说生于西域碎叶，祖籍陇西成纪（今甘肃天水秦安县），凉武昭王李暠九世孙。唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，被后人誉为“诗仙”，与杜甫并称为“李杜”，为了与另两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。其人爽朗大方，爱饮酒作诗，喜交友。李白深受黄老列庄思想影响，有《李太白集》传世，诗作中多为醉时写就，代表作有《望庐山瀑布》《行路难》《蜀道难》《将进酒》《早发白帝城》等。","filter_tags":["高中古诗","唐诗三百首","古体"],"canonical_url":"http://www.guwendao.net/shiwenv.aspx?id=d59ec5d6c91c","audio":{"recite":["/audio/d59ec5d6c91c/gushiwen_1.mp3"],"translation":["/audio/d59ec5d6c91c/fanyi_1.mp3"],"appreciation":["/audio/d59ec5d6c91c/shangxi_1.mp3","/audio/d59ec5d6c91c/shangxi_2.mp3","/audio/d59ec5d6c91c/shangxi_3.mp3"]},"weather_binding":{"primary_weather":"neutral","intensity":0,"time_of_day":"unknown","lighting":"neutral","wind":"unknown","temperature":"unknown","visibility":"unknown","surface":"unknown","extraction_method":"fallback","evidence":[],"confidence":"high","weather_sequence":null,"notes":"全诗主写蜀道险峻与行程危难，无统一当前天气；夜月、扪参历井均为片段意象，万壑雷为声音比喻，不构成 primary weather。","review_status":"pending"},"appreciation_versions":[{"version_name":"文本细读版","title":"文本细读：从鸟道到扪星——夸张的等级与叙事结构","body":"## 一、核心判断\n\n读《蜀道难》最常见的错误，是把它当成\"夸张修辞的堆砌\"——好像李白只是把一个\"难\"字用各种方式说了又说，越说越离谱。实际上，这首诗的夸张不是均匀的，它有严格的等级：从\"没有路\"到\"有了路的代价\"，从\"连最强者都过不去\"到\"伸手可触星辰\"，每一层夸张都精确服务于\"难\"的升级。这不是修辞炫技，是叙事结构——李白在用夸张搭一个层层收紧的漏斗，把读者从\"蜀道之难\"的抽象印象，一直逼到\"侧身西望长咨嗟\"的身体反应。\n\n我在这篇赏析里要讨论的，正是这种夸张的等级如何构成叙事推进。\n\n## 二、从关键诗句进入\n\n第一层夸张来得极其干脆：「西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅」。李白写蜀道，不是先写\"路有多难走\"，而是先写\"没有路\"——只有鸟能飞过去的道。这是叙事的起点：在人和蜀地之间，本来没有人的路。\n\n第二层跟着就来：「地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连」。有了路，但路的代价是壮士的命。五丁开山的神话把\"没有路\"推进到\"有了路，但路是血换的\"——从\"无路\"到\"有路\"不是进步，而是悲壮的交换。注意那个\"然后\"：地崩、山摧、壮士死，三件事之后，才\"然后\"有天梯石栈。路的诞生排在灾难之后，语气极其沉重。\n\n## 三、诗意如何转深\n\n第三层夸张换了方向——不是\"路的历史\"，而是\"路的空间\"。上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。太阳被拉车的六龙到了这里都得折返，这是\"高\"的极限；山谷深到冲波逆折，这是\"深\"的极限。一上一下，把空间的极值拉开。\n\n但李白觉得还不够。他请出两位最强善行者来\"试路\"：黄鹤尚不得过，猿猱愁攀援。善飞的鸟过不去，善攀的猴发愁。这两句不是在重复\"路难走\"，而是在做一次极限测试——把自然界最有可能通过蜀道的两种生物放上去，都失败了。读者的判断标准被推到了绝境：连它们都过不了，人还能怎样？\n\n第四层夸张进入人的身体：「扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹」。蜀道高到什么程度？伸手能摸到天上的星宿——参和井。这不是风景描写，是身体感受：你站在路上，手一伸就碰到星星，吓得赶紧收回手按住胸口，坐下来长叹。从\"没有路\"到\"有了血路\"到\"最强者都过不去\"到\"伸手摸到星辰\"——夸张的等级已经把\"难\"从地理概念逼成了身体恐惧。\n\n最后一层转向声音：「但见悲鸟号古木……又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山」。视觉的极限之后是听觉的侵入。子规的啼声像\"不如归去\"，在夜月空山中回荡，把\"难\"从身体恐惧又推到心理绝望。\n\n## 四、必要考据\n\n- 「蚕丛及鱼凫」：蚕丛、鱼凫为古蜀国传说国王，见《华阳国志》。「四万八千岁」为极言年代久远之虚数，非实指。\n- 「五丁开山」：见于《华阳国志》《蜀王本纪》。传说秦惠王赠蜀王五石牛能拉金屎，蜀王派五壮士迎牛，途中遇大蛇拽尾，山崩地裂，五壮士化为肉泥，秦蜀遂通。\n- 「参」「井」：二十八宿之二。参宿为蜀地分野，井宿为秦地分野。行人自秦入蜀，从井宿分野行至参宿分野，故云\"扪参历井\"。\n- 「子规」：即杜鹃。传说古蜀王望帝（杜宇）失国后魂化杜鹃，啼声如\"不如归去\"。\n- 「青泥」：青泥岭，在今陕西略阳县西北，为蜀道上的险段。\n\n## 五、比较与定位\n\n可以拿李白的《梦游天姥吟留别》做对照。那首诗也充满夸张——\"天姥连天向天横，势拔五岳掩赤城\"，但《梦游天姥》的夸张是向外膨胀的，梦境把诗人撑到极致后一脚踩空，惊醒过来。而《蜀道难》的夸张是向内收紧的，每一层夸张都在把退路堵死：鸟过不去，猴过不去，连摸到星星都只换来坐地长叹。同样是夸张，方向完全相反——一个向外炸开，一个向内碾碎。\n\n## 六、总评\n\n《蜀道难》的夸张不是均匀的涂料，而是一组由松到紧、由远到近的叙事阶梯。从\"鸟道\"的没有路，到\"壮士死\"的血路，到\"黄鹤不得过\"的极限测试，到\"扪参历井\"的身体恐惧，到\"子规啼夜月\"的心理绝望——每一层夸张都精确地堵死一种可能性，把\"难\"从一个地理判断逼成一个让人坐地长叹的身体事实。读它的人如果只看到\"夸张\"，就等于把一个层层收紧的漏斗看成了平摊的修辞清单。","assets":{"poem_id":"d59ec5d6c91c","title":"蜀道难","version_name":"文本细读版","appreciation_title":"文本细读：从鸟道到扪星——夸张的等级与叙事结构","author":"李白","dynasty":"唐代","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","skill":"appreciate-tangshi","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:01:16+00:00","public_dir":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c","article_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-faaa2f1f1e.md","metadata_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-faaa2f1f1e.metadata.json","transcript_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-faaa2f1f1e.transcript.md","review_path":""},"source":{"type":"bilibili","url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","transcript_file":"skill/appreciate_tangshi/bilibili/蜀道难/BV1DR4y177QQ/merged_transcript.md"},"review":"","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:01:16+00:00"},{"version_name":"兴发感动版","title":"兴发感动：三叹为什么越叹越怕","body":"## 一、核心判断\n\n「蜀道之难，难于上青天」在诗中出现三次。多数人把它当成回环咏叹的修辞手法——重申主题，加深印象。可只要把三次放回各自的语境，就会发现它们不是同一句话说了三遍，而是三次越说越怕的\"难\"：第一叹是惊叹，第二叹是惊恐，第三叹是绝望。从惊叹到惊恐再到绝望，三次复沓构成了这首诗最深的兴发机制——读者不是被一次\"难\"吓住，而是被三次越说越怕的\"难\"一步步压住。\n\n我在这篇赏析里要讨论的，正是这种三次递进的兴发机制——它不是修辞技巧，是这首诗让读者\"凋朱颜\"的真正原因。\n\n## 二、从关键诗句进入\n\n第一叹出现在诗的最开头：「噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！蜀道之难，难于上青天！」三个感叹词排成一面墙——噫、吁、嚱——这不是冷静的叙述，是脱口而出的惊呼。然后才说出那个判断：比上青天还难。注意这个\"比\"——不是和天一样难，是比天还难。这是情绪的起点：惊叹。\n\n紧随第一叹的是一组远镜头：蚕丛鱼凫、四万八千岁、鸟道、五丁开山。诗人把读者带进神话的时间深处，从\"没有路\"的远古到\"壮士死\"的血路，空间感和时间感同时被撑到极大。读者此刻感受到的是\"难\"的壮阔和悲怆——这是惊叹，不是惊恐。\n\n## 三、诗意如何转深\n\n第二叹出现在诗的中段：「蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜」。关键不在复沓本身，而在\"使人听此凋朱颜\"这七个字。朱颜是年轻饱满的面色，凋是枯萎——本来满面红光的人，一听蜀道之难，马上脸色煞白。这不是读者的想象，是诗人在替听者描述身体反应：惊恐已经从情绪进入肉体。\n\n第二叹前后的意象群也变了。不再是神话的远镜头，而是近到贴脸的恐怖：悲鸟号古木、雄飞雌从绕林间、子规啼夜月、愁空山。视线从远古收回到眼前，声音从宏大缩为凄厉——子规的\"不如归去\"在夜月空山中回荡，像是从死者嘴里发出的警告。从惊叹到惊恐，是从远到近、从大到小、从\"听故事\"到\"被故事抓住\"的转变。\n\n第三叹出现在诗的最末：「蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟」。咨嗟是叹息声，\"长\"咨嗟是久久的、停不下来的叹息。侧身西望——不是正面看，是侧过身去，好像不忍直视，又忍不住回头看。这是绝望的姿态：不是惊呼，不是色变，是叹息完了还要再叹。\n\n第三叹前的意象群再次突变：从山水的险转入人事的恶——剑阁峥嵘、一夫当关、所守或匪亲、化为狼与豺、磨牙吮血、杀人如麻。山水再险，总还是天灾；到了\"狼与豺\"，是人祸，是不可控的恶意。「锦城虽云乐，不如早还家」——连锦城的繁华都不值得冒险了。第三叹的绝望不是来自\"路太难走\"，而是来自\"走过去也未必安全\"。\n\n## 四、必要考据\n\n- 「噫吁嚱」：蜀地方言感叹词，表示惊异。宋人注已指出此为\"蜀人见物惊异即曰噫吁嚱\"。\n- 「凋朱颜」：朱颜指年轻健康的面色。此处\"凋\"为枯萎、衰退之意，极言惊恐之深——不是愁眉，是整个人像枯花一样蔫了。\n- 「咨嗟」：叹息。汉魏乐府常见，如《孔雀东南飞》\"举手长劳劳，二情同依依\"中的叹息意。\n- 三次复沓的结构是乐府诗的典型手法。汉代《饮马长城窟行》即有\"客从远方来，遗我双鲤鱼\"的回环。但李白把回环改成了递进——每次复沓前都追加新的意象群，使同一句话的含义层层加重。\n- 「侧身西望」：西望即望蜀地方向。诗人身在秦地，侧身望蜀，既是不忍直视的回避，又是不得不看的牵念。\n\n## 五、比较与定位\n\n可以拿《将进酒》的两次\"君不见\"做对照。那首诗里，「君不见黄河之水天上来」和「君不见高堂明镜悲白发」也是复沓，但方向相反——两次\"君不见\"是从壮阔推向感伤，是从大江大河推到镜中白发，情绪是向下的。《蜀道难》的三次复沓是向上的——从惊叹到惊恐到绝望，每一次都比上一次更重。同样是复沓，一个是向下沉的锤子，一个是向上拧的螺丝。\n\n更值得对照的是《行路难》。「行路难，行路难，多歧路，今安在」也是三次复沓，但那三次复沓是迷惘的——诗人不知道路在哪里。而《蜀道难》的三次复沓是确定的——路在哪里诗人很清楚，只是路太难、太险、太不值得走。迷惘的复沓和确定的复沓，兴发机制完全不同。\n\n## 六、总评\n\n三叹之所以越叹越怕，不是因为同一句话重复了三遍，而是因为每一遍之前都追加了更近、更重、更不可回避的意象。第一叹前是神话的远镜头——惊叹；第二叹前是子规的近声——惊恐；第三叹前是人祸的现实——绝望。从远到近，从天灾到人祸，从\"听起来很难\"到\"听着就变了脸色\"到\"侧过身去还在叹\"，三次复沓把读者一步步从旁观者逼成了身临其境者。这才是《蜀道难》让千年读者\"凋朱颜\"的真正机制——不是被一次吓住，是被三次越说越怕的\"难\"压住。","assets":{"poem_id":"d59ec5d6c91c","title":"蜀道难","version_name":"兴发感动版","appreciation_title":"兴发感动：三叹为什么越叹越怕","author":"李白","dynasty":"唐代","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","skill":"appreciate-tangshi","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:02:49+00:00","public_dir":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c","article_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-a0fc1592c3.md","metadata_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-a0fc1592c3.metadata.json","transcript_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-a0fc1592c3.transcript.md","review_path":""},"source":{"type":"bilibili","url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","transcript_file":"skill/appreciate_tangshi/bilibili/蜀道难/BV1DR4y177QQ/merged_transcript.md"},"review":"","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:02:49+00:00"},{"version_name":"唐诗气象版","title":"唐诗气象：民族雄气的极致展示","body":"## 一、核心判断\n\n把李白的了不起归结为\"同情人民\"\"揭露黑暗\"\"走过豪山\"，是读浅了他。杜甫同情人民可能比他更深，揭露黑暗可能比他更狠。李白之所以是盛唐气象的诗歌代表，在于他通过极极生命的奔放，展示了民族的雄气、血性、强悍、博大、雄强。《蜀道难》就是这种民族雄气的极致展示——它写的不是蜀道的地理险阻，而是一个面对不可逾越之险的生命，非但没有被压住，反而被撑开了。\n\n我在这篇赏析里要讨论的，正是这首诗如何把\"难\"写成\"雄\"——这是盛唐大诗人才能做到的事。\n\n## 二、从关键诗句进入\n\n「噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！」——这三个感叹词本身就是盛唐气象的签名。中古文人写感叹，通常用一个\"嗟乎\"或\"呜呼\"就够了，李白排了三个，像三声砸在桌面上的拳头。这不是文雅的嗟叹，是体力的爆发——一个人被壮阔震住的时候，不是叹气，是喊。\n\n然后是那个判断：「难于上青天」。这句话的关键不在\"难\"，而在\"上青天\"。拿什么来比蜀道？不是拿山比，不是拿河比，是拿天比。在李白的感知尺度里，只有天够大，大到能当\"难\"的参照物。这种感知尺度本身就是盛唐气象——普通人的参照系是身边的事，李白的参照系是天地。\n\n## 三、诗意如何转深\n\n整首诗的想象链条，都指向同一个方向：把\"难\"推到不可能的极端，然后让生命力在这个极端上仍然不被压碎。\n\n六龙回日——连拉着太阳的龙都过不去，可诗人站在那里看，看到了，说出来了。黄鹤不得过——连最善飞的鸟都飞不过去，可诗人知道\"飞不过去\"这件事本身意味着什么。猿猱愁攀援——连猴子都发愁，可诗人替猴子说出了那个\"愁\"。扪参历井——伸手摸到星辰，这不是恐惧的描写，是想象力的胜利：只有想象力极旺盛的人，才能想出\"站在山路上摸到星星\"这个画面。\n\n这些想象不是堆砌，不是\"让我再说一个更离谱的\"。每一层想象都在证明同一件事：蜀道之难已经超出了任何经验和常识，但诗人没有被超出常识的东西吓哑——他反而越说越起劲。这就是生命力面对极限时的反应：不是缩回去，是张开嘴继续喊。\n\n把这种姿态放回盛唐，会更清楚。杜甫写「会当凌绝顶，一览众山小」——还没登上去就断言一定要登顶。李白自己写「登高壮观天地间，大江茫茫去不还」——已经登上去就豪迈地俯瞰。同一时期的盛唐诗人面对壮阔，几乎清一色是\"不满足\"\"还想更多\"\"不被压住\"的姿态。这不是个人性格，是时代气质——开元天宝间的大唐，国力正盛，士人精神尚有强烈的进取气概，面对天地时本能的反应是撑开而不是缩回。\n\n## 四、必要考据\n\n- 李白（701—762）少年在蜀地成长，约开元十三年（725）出蜀沿长江东下。此诗大约作于天宝初入长安前后。贺知章读此诗，惊呼\"此诗可以泣鬼神\"，称李白为\"谪仙人\"。\n- 盛唐气象的概念由林庚在《唐诗综论》中系统提出，指开元天宝间唐诗特有的雄壮、开阔、进取的精神气质，与中晚唐的反思、衰飒形成对照。\n- 《蜀道难》为乐府旧题，古辞已佚。李白沿用旧题而全出新意，使此诗成为乐府诗中的里程碑——前人写蜀道难只是写实，李白写蜀道难是在写生命面对极限时的姿态。\n- 与李白同时代的边塞诗人高适、岑参、王昌龄，在雄壮气质上与李白同属盛唐一脉，但李白的雄壮更偏\"向内撑开\"——不是向外征战，而是面对不可逾越之物时的生命张力。\n\n## 五、比较与定位\n\n可以拿杜甫入蜀时的诗做对照。安史之乱后，杜甫携家入蜀，走的正是李白诗中的蜀道。可杜甫写的是什么？「艰难奋长戟，万古用一夫」「剑外忽传收蓟北，初闻涕泪满衣裳」。同样是面对蜀道和蜀地，杜甫感受到的是艰难、是流离、是国破后的无奈。李白感受到的是雄气、是奔放、是不可逾越之物反而激出的生命力。\n\n这不是谁高谁低的问题，而是两个时代的差别。李白写《蜀道难》时，大唐正盛；杜甫走蜀道时，大唐已碎。同一片山水，盛唐人看见雄气，中唐人看见苦难。《蜀道难》之所以是盛唐气象的标本，不在于它写了多壮的景，而在于那个面对壮景时\"不缩回\"的姿态——这个姿态只属于那个还没被安史之乱打碎的时代。\n\n## 六、总评\n\n《蜀道难》写的不是蜀道的地理，而是一个生命面对不可逾越之物时的反应——不是恐惧后的沉默，是恐惧后的喊叫。六龙过不去的地方，他说出来；猴子发愁的地方，他替猴子说了；伸手摸到星辰的地方，他把星辰和恐惧一起写下来。这种\"面对极限仍然开口\"的姿态，是盛唐民族雄气的极致展示。它属于李白，也属于那个还没有被打碎的时代。","assets":{"poem_id":"d59ec5d6c91c","title":"蜀道难","version_name":"唐诗气象版","appreciation_title":"唐诗气象：民族雄气的极致展示","author":"李白","dynasty":"唐代","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","skill":"appreciate-tangshi","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:26:34+00:00","public_dir":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c","article_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-4f9234a6a4.md","metadata_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-4f9234a6a4.metadata.json","transcript_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-4f9234a6a4.transcript.md","review_path":""},"source":{"type":"bilibili","url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","transcript_file":"skill/appreciate_tangshi/bilibili/蜀道难/BV1DR4y177QQ/merged_transcript.md"},"review":"","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:26:34+00:00"},{"version_name":"文本考据版","title":"文本考据：从天险到人祸——五丁开山与剑阁守险","body":"## 一、核心判断\n\n读《蜀道难》的人大多把注意力集中在前半段——六龙回日、黄鹤不得过、扪参历井——那些惊心动魄的夸张。但这首诗的关键转折发生在后半段：「剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。」蜀道之难不只是天险，更在于人祸。五丁开山的神话已经埋下了伏笔——路的代价是壮士的死；剑阁守险的现实把这个伏笔接过来——如果守关者非亲信，天险反而变成割据的资本。从天险到人祸，这是全诗最深的一层转折。\n\n我在这篇赏析里要讨论的，正是这个从神话到政治的转折——它不是闲笔，而是《蜀道难》比一首山水奇观诗深得多的地方。\n\n## 二、从关键诗句进入\n\n先看五丁开山。「地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连」——这十四个字里，\"壮士死\"被夹在\"地崩山摧\"和\"天梯石栈\"之间。山的代价是崩，地的代价是摧，人的代价是死。\"然后\"两个字极其沉重：灾难发生之后，才有路。路的诞生是以人的毁灭为前提的。\n\n这个神话见于《华阳国志》和《蜀王本纪》。秦惠王想征服蜀国，造了五头石牛能拉金屎，蜀王贪金，派五壮士去迎接。秦又送五个美女，五壮士护送美女入蜀途中遇大蛇，拽蛇尾时山崩地裂。五壮士和五美女化为肉泥，秦蜀之间从此才有了通道。\n\n李白没有复述故事的细节，只取了最核心的一幕：地崩、山摧、壮士死。这是对神话的提炼——他关心的不是故事的曲折，而是路的代价。路的代价是命。\n\n## 三、诗意如何转深\n\n前半段写的都是天险——六龙回日、冲波逆折、黄鹤不得过、猿猱愁攀援——这些险来自自然，来自山川本身。面对天险，人可以选择不走。但到了剑阁，\"难\"的性质变了。\n\n「剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开」——剑门关的险不是\"走不过去\"，而是\"走过去了也未必安全\"。一夫当关，说明一个人守在那里就能挡住万夫；万夫莫开，说明攻击方拿它没办法。这已经不是自然之险，而是军事之险、政治之险。\n\n更致命的是下一句：「所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺」。\"匪亲\"即非亲，不是自己人。如果守关的不是亲信，那他不是在守关，是在割据——天险从保护变成了威胁。狼与豺不是比喻，是预言：守关者一旦叛变，就会像豺狼一样磨牙吮血、杀人如麻。\n\n后半段的恐怖与前半段完全不同。前半段的恐怖是\"你会死在路上\"——天险要你的命，但天险没有恶意，山就是山，水就是水。后半段的恐怖是\"你会死在人手里\"——人祸要你的命，而且人祸有恶意，磨牙吮血。自然的险让人敬畏，人的险让人恐惧。\n\n「锦城虽云乐，不如早还家」——这八个字是全诗最冷静的判断。锦城就是成都，繁华富庶，是蜀地的精华。可即便锦城再好，也不值得冒险穿过人祸去抵达。这不是对蜀道的抱怨，是对整个局势的判断：天险不可怕，人祸才可怕。\n\n## 四、必要考据\n\n- **五丁开山神话**：见于《华阳国志·蜀志》《蜀王本纪》（辑本）、《水经注·江水》等。各本细节有出入——石牛的数量、美女的数量、大蛇的来历各说不一。但核心情节一致：秦惠王用计诱蜀王开路，路的代价是壮士的命。李白提炼的是\"代价\"而非细节。\n- **剑阁**：即剑门关，在今四川剑阁县北。大剑山与小剑山之间，有一条狭窄的隘口，两岸悬崖壁立，最窄处仅容一人通过。三国时姜维在此屯兵三万，抵挡钟会十万大军。后世从未被正面攻破。\n- **\"所守或匪亲\"的政治寓意**：此句历来被视为李白对蜀地割据隐患的警告。唐玄宗天宝年间，剑南节度使拥兵自重，安史之乱后玄宗避难入蜀，更凸显蜀地军事要害的地位。有学者认为此诗暗讽当时蜀地军事态势，但此说无法确证，只能标注为\"可能\"。\n- **历史上割据蜀地的先例**：公孙述（东汉初）、刘备（三国蜀汉）、李雄（成汉）、王建（前蜀）、孟知祥（后蜀）——蜀地因天险而易守难攻，历来是割据政权的首选之地。李白的\"化为狼与豺\"是有历史支撑的预言。\n- **\"锦城\"**：成都别称，因蜀锦得名。自汉代起即为西南重镇，唐时为剑南道治所。\n\n## 五、比较与定位\n\n可以拿杜甫的《剑门》做对照。杜甫入蜀后也写了剑门：「惟天有设险，剑门天下壮。连山抱西南，石角皆北向。」杜甫对剑门险要的描写比李白更写实——\"石角皆北向\"是精确的地理观察。但杜甫在诗的后半段也转向了政治：「并吞与割据，极力不相让。吾将罪真宰，意欲铲叠嶂。」他责怪造物主为什么设此天险，想铲平它——这是中唐人面对天险的反应：天险是割据的工具，不如没有。\n\n李白没有责怪造物主。他只是把天险和人祸并排放在那里，让读者自己去感受：天险本身不可怕，可怕的是天险落入非亲之手。杜甫想铲平剑门，李白想提醒你\"守关者是谁\"——一个要消灭天险，一个要管住人。这是盛唐和中唐面对同一问题的不同姿态。\n\n## 六、总评\n\n《蜀道难》的前半段写天险，后半段写人祸，中间的转折点是剑阁。五丁开山的神话已经暗示：路的代价是命。剑阁守险的现实把这个暗示接过来：天险落入非亲之手，路就不再是路，而是陷阱。从\"你会死在路上\"到\"你会死在人手里\"，从自然的险到人的险——这个转折是《蜀道难》比一首山水奇观诗深得多的地方。读它的人如果只记住了六龙回日和扪参历井，就等于只读了一半。","assets":{"poem_id":"d59ec5d6c91c","title":"蜀道难","version_name":"文本考据版","appreciation_title":"文本考据：从天险到人祸——五丁开山与剑阁守险","author":"李白","dynasty":"唐代","poem_text":"噫吁嚱，危乎高哉！\n蜀道之难，难于上青天！\n蚕丛及鱼凫，开国何茫然！\n尔来四万八千岁，不与秦塞通人烟。\n西当太白有鸟道，可以横绝峨眉巅。\n地崩山摧壮士死，然后天梯石栈相钩连。\n上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川。\n黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援。\n青泥何盘盘，百步九折萦岩峦。\n扪参历井仰胁息，以手抚膺坐长叹。问君西游何时还？畏途巉岩不可攀。\n但见悲鸟号古木，雄飞雌从绕林间。\n又闻子规啼夜月，愁空山。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，使人听此凋朱颜！\n连峰去天不盈尺，枯松倒挂倚绝壁。\n飞湍瀑流争喧豗，砯崖转石万壑雷。\n其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉！剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬，一夫当关，万夫莫开。\n所守或匪亲，化为狼与豺。\n朝避猛虎，夕避长蛇，磨牙吮血，杀人如麻。\n锦城虽云乐，不如早还家。\n蜀道之难，难于上青天，侧身西望长咨嗟！","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","skill":"appreciate-tangshi","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:28:13+00:00","public_dir":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c","article_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-ad11a0cf58.md","metadata_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-ad11a0cf58.metadata.json","transcript_path":"/appreciation/d59ec5d6c91c/version-ad11a0cf58.transcript.md","review_path":""},"source":{"type":"bilibili","url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","transcript_file":"skill/appreciate_tangshi/bilibili/蜀道难/BV1DR4y177QQ/merged_transcript.md"},"review":"","source_url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DR4y177QQ","generated_at":"2026-07-02T11:28:13+00:00"}]}